租約中貿(mào)易除外區(qū)(TRADING EXCLUSION)之我見(jiàn)
- 發(fā)布時(shí)間 2017.01.17
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租約中貿(mào)易除外區(qū)(TRADING EXCLUSION)的評(píng)注意見(jiàn)
租約中的貿(mào)易區(qū)有兩種陳述方式,一是直接述明,這適用于較小地理區(qū)域的航運(yùn)服務(wù)。另一是訂明一個(gè)很大的地理區(qū)域,然后再列出除外區(qū)域,其用語(yǔ)為:“全球貿(mào)易區(qū)與除外貿(mào)易區(qū)(WORLD WIDE TRADING WITH TRADING EXCLUSION)”。當(dāng)然租家要求貿(mào)區(qū)愈大愈好而除外區(qū)愈小愈好,但船東則相反,因此雙方要通過(guò)協(xié)商,這要視租家的經(jīng)營(yíng)地區(qū)、市場(chǎng)供需、租金高低而定。一般船東將會(huì)提出以下幾項(xiàng)除外區(qū):
1,協(xié)會(huì)保證條款內(nèi)列明不得駛往的地區(qū)(即IWL)這是船殼險(xiǎn)保單中規(guī)定的,這地區(qū)為冰況嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域,若為季節(jié)性的冰況嚴(yán)重區(qū)域則在規(guī)定時(shí)限內(nèi)不得駛往。但僅有一項(xiàng)為規(guī)定的季節(jié)內(nèi)不得駛往非冰區(qū)的印度裝煤,可能是天熱加上該地區(qū)煤很易自燃之故。,
2,戰(zhàn)區(qū)(WAR ZONE)但是怎樣才能稱為戰(zhàn)區(qū)雙方會(huì)各執(zhí)一詞,因此站在船東立場(chǎng)應(yīng)再加一條戰(zhàn)區(qū)條款(WAR CLAUSE),其內(nèi)容約為“船東認(rèn)為該地區(qū)有戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)危險(xiǎn)即有權(quán)不駛往”,特別是要注意NYOE(紐約土產(chǎn))的期租合同范本中無(wú)此條而須新添加進(jìn)去。,
3,冰況嚴(yán)重區(qū)域雖然在IWL中,已規(guī)定不許去指定的冰況極其嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),但世上還有不少IWL中未指定的冰況嚴(yán)重地區(qū)。因此有的船東要求加上冰況條款(ICE CLAUS)現(xiàn)成的這類條款可參見(jiàn)BALTIMORE租約條款, 大意是任何港口因冰況而撤除燈船、燈樁或因冰況而不能使船安全進(jìn)出該港,船東則有權(quán)拒絕掛靠該港。有的船東甚至要求訂立“不在任何冰況(ICE OF ANY KIND)下航行”的條款。以下條款措辭可借鑒:
(a) The Vessel shall not be obliged to force ice but, subject to the Owners’ prior approval having due regard to its size, construction and class, may follow ice-breakers.
(b) The Vessel shall not be required to enter or remain in any icebound port or area, nor any port or area where lights, lightships, markers or buoys have been or are about to be withdrawn by reason of ice, nor where on account of ice there is, in the Master’s sole discretion, a risk that, in the ordinary course of events, the Vessel will not be able safely to enter and remain at the port or area or to depart after completion of loading or discharging. If, on account of ice, the Master in his sole discretion considers it unsafe to proceed to, enter or remain at the place of loading or discharging for fear of the Vessel being frozen in and/or damaged, he shall be at liberty to sail to the nearest ice-free and safe place and there await the Charterers’ instructions
(c) Any delay or deviation caused by or resulting from ice shall be for the Charterers’ account and the Vessel shall remain on-hire.
(d)Any additional premiums and/or calls required by the Vessel's underwriters due to the Vessel entering or remaining in any icebound port or area, shall be for the Charterers' account.
4, ITF區(qū)域 ITF為國(guó)際海運(yùn)勞工聯(lián)盟,該組織在某些港口有時(shí)會(huì)上船(主要對(duì)掛方旗的船)來(lái)調(diào)查船員的待遇是否低于該組織認(rèn)定的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn),若低于此標(biāo)準(zhǔn),它們會(huì)要船東補(bǔ)發(fā)船員工資與改善待遇,否則會(huì)采取些措施,甚至?xí)绊懙酱凇=?jīng)常出現(xiàn)這些事件的地區(qū)稱為ITF地區(qū), 但又沒(méi)明確地指明是哪些港口屬ITF地區(qū),般來(lái)說(shuō)芬、英、挪、瑞典、澳等處ITF的活動(dòng)較頻繁。有的條款雖訂明不去 ITF地區(qū),若家指明要去而又受ITF阻繞,則租金照付,但是租家不可能代船東給船員補(bǔ)薪加工資。
5, 政治敏感地區(qū) 例如美國(guó)不許載有古巴(進(jìn)出口)貨物的船只進(jìn)入美國(guó),也不許個(gè)月內(nèi)去過(guò)古巴港口的船只進(jìn)入美國(guó),所以有的船只將古巴也列入除外地區(qū)。又如過(guò)去國(guó)不許去過(guò)以色列、南非的船只進(jìn)入中國(guó),現(xiàn)在則沒(méi)有此禁令了。
總之,除外貿(mào)易區(qū)的多少要視租船市場(chǎng)的供求需要,如船東不作要求則簽約后會(huì)受很多損失,如船東要求過(guò)份則簽約后使租家難以經(jīng)營(yíng)該船或轉(zhuǎn)租給他人,因而就不能成了。
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